Applied Physics subtopic
Thermodynamics
The laws that bound every physical system — and the surprisingly modern questions still open at their frontier.
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Pillar article
The thermodynamic limits of photovoltaics — and why they matter for what's possible
There is a hard upper bound on how much sunlight any single-junction photovoltaic cell can convert to electricity. Knowing where it comes from clarifies which directions of improvement are physics, and which are engineering.
By Prof. Daniel Okafor · 4 min read
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